Friday, September 02, 2016
Thursday, August 25, 2016
ইংরেজি শব্দের কিছু উচ্চারণ বিধি
শব্দের মধ্য T থাকলে "T" এর পর U হলে "T" এর উচ্চারণ "চ" হবে। যেমন:- Future (ফিউচার),
Century (সেনচুরী), Mixture, Fixture.
শব্দের মধ্য "D" এর পর G হলে "D" এর উচ্চারণ হয় না। যেমন:- Knowledge (নলেজ), Judge( জজ), Bridge, Coleridge.
K এর পর n হলে K এর উচ্চারণ হয় না। যেমন:- Know (নো), Knee (নী), Knife (নাইফ), Knowledge (নলেজ)।
G এর পর A, O, U থাকলে G এর উচ্চারণ"গ" হয়। যেমন:- Garden (গার্ডেন), Good (গুড), Guide (গাইড)।
S এর পর H হলে S এর সর্বদা "শ" হয়। যেমন:- Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ), Bush, Cash.
W এর পর h/r হলে W এর উচ্চারণ হয় না। যেমন:- Write (রাইট), Wrong (রং), Who (হু), Wh-question এর সব।
T এর পর io হলে "T" এর উচ্চারণ "শ" হয়। যেমন National (ন্যাশনাল)।
i/u এর পর gh হলে gh এর উচ্চারণ হয় না, যদি হয় "ফ" এর মত হবে। যেমন:- Eight (এইট), Right (রাইট), High (হাই), Enough (এনাফ), Cough (কফ)।
ng একত্রে হলে ং"এর উচ্চারণ হয়। যেমন:- Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশ)।
শব্দের শেষে e থাকলে "e" এর উচ্চারণ হয় না। যেমন:- Name (নেইম), Come (কাম), Take (টেক)।
G যখন কোন শব্দে gm বা gn রুপে ব্যবহৃত হয় তখন G এর উচ্চারণ Silent হয়। প্রথমে যদি G থাকে এবং তারপরেই যদি "N" থাকে তবে G silent থাকে।
Example:
1.Sign (সাইন) - চিহ্ন।
2.Campaign (ক্যামপেন) - প্রচার।
3.Reign (রেইন) - শাসন।
4.Design (ডিজাইন) - নকশা।
5.Resign (রিজাইন) - পদত্যাগ।
C-এর উচ্চারণ কখন 'ক' আর কখন 'স' হবে ?
Rule (1): C-এর পরে যদি A, L, O, R, U হয় তাহলে তার উচ্চারণ 'ক' হয়। কিছু সহজ উদাহরণ পড়ে মিলিয়ে দেখুন:-
Can (v, ক্যান্) - পারা।
Class (n, ক্লাস্) - শ্রেণি।
Colour (n, কালার্) - রং।
Cup (n, কাপ্) - পেয়ালা।
Crime (n, ক্রাইম্) - দুর্নীতি।
Rule (2): C-এর পরে যদি I, E, Y থাকে তাহলে তার উচ্চারণ 'স' হবে। দেখে নিই কিছু সহজ উদাহরণ:-
Center (n, সেন্টার্) - কেন্দ্র।
Ceiling (n, সিলিং) - ভেতরের দিকের ছাদ।
Cinema (n, সিনেমা) - প্রেক্ষাগৃহ।
Cyclist (n, সাইক্লিস্ট্) - সাইকেল চালক।
Friday, July 01, 2016
পিতা-মাতার ভরণ-পোষণ আইন, ২০১৩
(১) প্রত্যেক সন্তানকে তাহার পিতা-মাতার ভরণ-পোষণ নিশ্চিত করিতে হইবে।
(২) কোন পিতা-মাতার একাধিক সন্তান থাকিলে সেইক্ষেত্রে সন্তানগণ নিজেদের মধ্যে আলাপ-আলোচনা করিয়া তাহাদের পিতা-মাতার ভরণ-পোষণ নিশ্চিত করিবে।
(৩) এই ধারার অধীন পিতা-মাতার ভরণ-পোষণ নিশ্চিত করিবার ক্ষেত্রে প্রত্যেক সন্তানকে পিতা-মাতার একইসঙ্গে একই স্থানে বসবাস নিশ্চিত করিতে হইবে।
(৪) কোন সন্তান তাহার পিতা বা মাতাকে বা উভয়কে তাহার, বা ক্ষেত্রমত, তাহাদের ইচ্ছার বিরুদ্ধে, কোন বৃদ্ধ নিবাস কিংবা অন্য কোথাও একত্রে কিংবা আলাদা আলাদাভাবে বসবাস করিতে বাধ্য করিবে না।
(৫) প্রত্যেক সন্তান তাহার পিতা এবং মাতার স্বাস্থ্য সম্পর্কে নিয়মিত খোঁজ খবর রাখিবে, প্রয়োজনীয় চিকিৎসা সেবা ও পরিচর্যা করিবে।
(৬) পিতা বা মাতা কিংবা উভয়, সন্তান হইতে পৃথকভাবে বসবাস করিলে, সেইক্ষেত্রে প্রত্যেক সন্তানকে নিয়মিতভাবে তাহার, বা ক্ষেত্রমত, তাহাদের সহিত সাক্ষাত করিতে হইবে।
(৭) কোন পিতা বা মাতা কিংবা উভয়ে, সন্তানদের সহিত বসবাস না করিয়া পৃথকভাবে বসবাস করিলে, সেইক্ষেত্রে উক্ত পিতা বা মাতার প্রত্যেক সন্তান তাহার দৈনন্দিন আয়-রোজগার, বা ক্ষেত্রমত, মাসিক আয় বা বাৎসরিক আয় হইতে যুক্তিসঙ্গত পরিমাণ অর্থ পিতা বা মাতা, বা ক্ষেত্রমত, উভয়কে নিয়মিত প্রদান করিবে।
পিতা-মাতার ভরণ-পোষণ না করিবার দণ্ড
৫। (১) কোন সন্তান কর্তৃক ধারা ৩ এর যে কোন উপ-ধারার বিধান কিংবা ধারা ৪ এর বিধান লংঘন অপরাধ বলিয়া গণ্য হইবে এবং উক্ত অপরাধের জন্য অনূর্ধ্ব ১ (এক) লক্ষ টাকা অর্থদণ্ডে দণ্ডিত হইবে; বা উক্ত অর্থদণ্ড অনাদায়ের ক্ষেত্রে অনূর্ধ্ব ৩ (তিন) মাস কারাদণ্ডে দণ্ডিত হইবে।
Father-২০১৩ ভরণ-parents ' opinion, the law
(1) the parent of each child his father-ভরণ-sure, that করিতে হইবে.
(2) no more than one child the parent থাকিলে সন্তানগণ সেইক্ষেত্রে-the father of their Conference by doing তাহাদের ভরণ-করিবে sure that the parent-father.
(3) the parent ভরণ this under father-the series-the parent of each child in করিবার sure that father living in the same place একইসঙ্গে হইবে করিতে sure-.
(4) a child his father or মাতাকে or উভয়কে ', or ক্ষেত্রমতAfter তাহাদের, নিবাস or the other, against a different live separately or together somewhere করিতে করিবে not obey his father and each child
(5). the parent regularly about health for the necessary medical services and পরিচর্যা রাখিবে news, করিবে.
(6) parent or both, children live separately from করিলে, সেইক্ষেত্রে, ক্ষেত্রমত, or তাহাদের, ' every child with the regular meeting করিতে হইবে.
(7) a parent or both were Live to the fullest, children not living with the করিলে, the parent of that সেইক্ষেত্রে father or separately to each child, ' business income-income, or ক্ষেত্রমত, the amount of monthly income or the income from his mind the meaning of the reasonable parent, or ক্ষেত্রমত, উভয়কে parent ভরণ করিবে provide the father regularly-not that করিবার bar-5. (1) a child of a sub-3 series by the series of the provision or series 4 of provision their desire for that crime and হইবে treated বলিয়া crime অনূর্ধ্ব 1 (a) of money অর্থদণ্ডে by হইবে; Or in the case of অনাদায়ের that অর্থদণ্ড অনূর্ধ্ব 3 (three) month term কারাদণ্ডে হইবে.
Thursday, June 23, 2016
Wednesday, April 27, 2016
Tuesday, March 08, 2016
Instrumentality of Legal Aid
Instrumentality of legal aid. The third paragraph of Preamble to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, 1972 states that-it shall be a fundamental aim of the State to realize through the democratic process a socialist society, free from exploitation, a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom, equality and justice, political, economic and social, will be secured for all citizens. Even it is one of principle of natural justice that “Nobody should be condemned unheard”. Again, article 27 of the Bangladesh Constitution, 1972 provides that all citizens are equal before law and are entitled to have equal protection of law. But in reality, with the experience of its 40 years journey, due to financial constraints and social inequality not all are equally privileged to get the benefits of law. Thus, the jurisprudence concepts of ‘equality before law’, ‘equal protection of law’, ‘rule of law’ has remain in the words of the constitution and the justice goes far away from the poor people. Access to justice for the poor people is not a charity rather it’s a human rights as well as fundamental rights.
Crucially, from a human rights perspective, poverty is not only associated with denial of rights – but also the denial of the right to rights, as promoted and protected through an effective legal system. Legal systems around the world discriminate against people who cannot afford legal representation, are illiterate and lack the power to influence legislative processes.
Despite the all constitutional promise regarding the equal protection of law, the government of Bangladesh has taken its first step on the access to justice for the poor people after the 30 years of its independent. In 2001, the parliament has enacted Legal Aid Service Act to facilitate the poor people to get the legal remedy from the judiciary. It appears that the intention of the legislators was to establish legal aid as a charity; instead of a civil right.
In the conventional contemporary account of human rights, the source of a human right is neither the state nor any particular system, it is the person. This is the key to its universality. A human right is a right that every person has and it is necessary to live with dignity. If the people do not enjoy their right, it does not necessarily mean that they are without rights. Actually they are deprived of their enjoyment of them. Here the first step to justice is the recognition of the principle of the human right to legal aid, and how that right can in fact be enjoyed is a necessary but further issue.
The optimistic list of fundamental rights is, however, neither closed nor immutable. It is always the subject of exposition, debate, refinement and the pursuit of better understanding. Rights are interpreted, particularized, and augmented. Identifying a new right is not remarkable. Few would deny, for example, a human right to a clean and healthy environment, although no such right is clearly set out in the Universal Declaration or any related treaty. The claim for such a human right is argued for from first principles, supported by interpretation of existing rights such as the right to health. It is possible, therefore, to explore the possibility of a new human right – not its creation but its realization, a right that might exist but has so far not been identified and articulated.
There is cost and complexity in giving effect to human rights, and there are inevitable limitations on the extent to which human rights can be realized in a state. But the prospect of difficulties in implementing a human right cannot undermine the idea of the right itself. A human right of access to law both obliges and enables a state to consider a wide range of measures that will promote access to law in the particular circumstances of that state, and is a universal standard by which the adequacy of any legal aid system can be judged. The Human Rights regimes confer a right to a fair trial. A mere access to the courts and tribunals do not enable individuals to assert the right to fair trail, it requires more.
According to Article 2 (1) of ICCPR, States ratifying the ICCPR undertake to respect and ensure to all individuals within the civil and political rights it recognizes without distinction of any kind. So governments are ultimately responsible for ensuring the effective of the right to a fair trial. In general the obligation to ensure right to fair trail does not requires governments to established legal aid schemes. Nevertheless if an individual litigant or accused requires legal representation in order to obtain a fair trial states cannot avoid the obligation to provide legal aid. Even this obligation is enforceable irrespective of the particular statutory arrangement that operates for legal aid. Although states do not have unlimited resources to fund legal aid system, it may impose on eligibility for aid. So the Human Rights approach to the access to justice is preferred because it is a substantive account which helps to explain the role of legal aid is in the society and the obligation that this places on the government. A human right is said to be fundamentally important, only if it implies an obligation on the part of other people, one in which other people are obliged to use their power and resources to ‘make things happen’. This is the status that ought to be given to legal aid.
Crucially, from a human rights perspective, poverty is not only associated with denial of rights – but also the denial of the right to rights, as promoted and protected through an effective legal system. Legal systems around the world discriminate against people who cannot afford legal representation, are illiterate and lack the power to influence legislative processes.
Despite the all constitutional promise regarding the equal protection of law, the government of Bangladesh has taken its first step on the access to justice for the poor people after the 30 years of its independent. In 2001, the parliament has enacted Legal Aid Service Act to facilitate the poor people to get the legal remedy from the judiciary. It appears that the intention of the legislators was to establish legal aid as a charity; instead of a civil right.
In the conventional contemporary account of human rights, the source of a human right is neither the state nor any particular system, it is the person. This is the key to its universality. A human right is a right that every person has and it is necessary to live with dignity. If the people do not enjoy their right, it does not necessarily mean that they are without rights. Actually they are deprived of their enjoyment of them. Here the first step to justice is the recognition of the principle of the human right to legal aid, and how that right can in fact be enjoyed is a necessary but further issue.
The optimistic list of fundamental rights is, however, neither closed nor immutable. It is always the subject of exposition, debate, refinement and the pursuit of better understanding. Rights are interpreted, particularized, and augmented. Identifying a new right is not remarkable. Few would deny, for example, a human right to a clean and healthy environment, although no such right is clearly set out in the Universal Declaration or any related treaty. The claim for such a human right is argued for from first principles, supported by interpretation of existing rights such as the right to health. It is possible, therefore, to explore the possibility of a new human right – not its creation but its realization, a right that might exist but has so far not been identified and articulated.
There is cost and complexity in giving effect to human rights, and there are inevitable limitations on the extent to which human rights can be realized in a state. But the prospect of difficulties in implementing a human right cannot undermine the idea of the right itself. A human right of access to law both obliges and enables a state to consider a wide range of measures that will promote access to law in the particular circumstances of that state, and is a universal standard by which the adequacy of any legal aid system can be judged. The Human Rights regimes confer a right to a fair trial. A mere access to the courts and tribunals do not enable individuals to assert the right to fair trail, it requires more.
According to Article 2 (1) of ICCPR, States ratifying the ICCPR undertake to respect and ensure to all individuals within the civil and political rights it recognizes without distinction of any kind. So governments are ultimately responsible for ensuring the effective of the right to a fair trial. In general the obligation to ensure right to fair trail does not requires governments to established legal aid schemes. Nevertheless if an individual litigant or accused requires legal representation in order to obtain a fair trial states cannot avoid the obligation to provide legal aid. Even this obligation is enforceable irrespective of the particular statutory arrangement that operates for legal aid. Although states do not have unlimited resources to fund legal aid system, it may impose on eligibility for aid. So the Human Rights approach to the access to justice is preferred because it is a substantive account which helps to explain the role of legal aid is in the society and the obligation that this places on the government. A human right is said to be fundamentally important, only if it implies an obligation on the part of other people, one in which other people are obliged to use their power and resources to ‘make things happen’. This is the status that ought to be given to legal aid.
The writer of this article is:
Shakhawat Hossain Shamim
Shakhawat Hossain Shamim
Advocate, Supreme Court of Bangladesh.
&
Assistant Professor, Department of Law & Justice
Bangladesh University of Business & Technology (BUBT).
&
Chairman of the Biswas Foundation.
Friday, January 01, 2016
Urge to modernise the legal curricula
The
farewell & reception program of BGC Trust University Bangladesh was
held on 8th December 2012. The program was presided over by ABM Abu
Noman, Co-coordinator, Department of Law, BGC Trust University
Bangladesh. Advocate A.F Hassan Ariff, Former Advisor to the Caretaker
Government & Attorney General of Bangladesh graced the occasion as
Chief Guest.
“Completion of
the academic graduation does not mean the end of study rather it is the
beginning to the University of Life”, stated by Engineer Afsar Uddin
Ahmed in the speech of Chief patron. He also added that law is the
mother of all knowledge and no man is complete without studying of Law.
Advocate A.F
Hassan Ariff, Former Attorney General & Advisor of Caretaker
Government of Bangladesh stressed on the presence of Law in every aspect
of life. He also suggested the students to be attached with information
technology while studying law which will help them to cope with the
global competitive world. “For ensuring rights of the marginalised
section of the society, the concept of Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
should be expanded in our country”, he commented. Finally he suggested
that the ADR system is supposed to be made more effective to remove the
excessiveness of cases in our court. Moreover the curriculum of Law
should be modernised to keep pace with the modern world.
Professor Dr.
Saroj Kanti Singh Hajari, Vice Chancellor of the university & patron
of the program told that Law has become a demandable subject in the
present world. He also told that law student should make the common
people aware of their rights as we are the people of poor country.
In the speech
of the President of the program Mr. ABM Abu Noman, Co-ordinator,
Department of Law of the university has expressed his hearty gratitude
to all the guests, organisers and the students to make the program
successful. He also point out how the law students can contribute in our
society and why lawyers are the social engineers.
The writer of this article is:
Shakhawat Hossain Shamim
Shakhawat Hossain Shamim
Advocate, Supreme Court of Bangladesh
&
Assistant Professor, Department of Law & Justice
Bangladesh University of Business & Technology (BUBT)
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